Consumption of ultra-processed foods and their impact on the diet of young adults.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the consumption of ultra-processed foods, its associated factors, and its influence on nutrient intake in young adults. METHODS In 2004-2005, the individuals belonging to the Pelotas birth cohort of 1982 were identified for a home interview. A total of 4,297 individuals were interviewed and 4,202 individuals were included in the study (follow-up rate of 77.4%). Diet was assessed using a questionnaire on dietary intake and the percentage of daily caloric intake attributed to ultra-processed foods as well as the intake of macro- and micronutrients were estimated. The association between cohort characteristics and the consumption of ultra-processed foods was assessed using linear regression. Analysis of variance and Pearson's Chi-square test were used to evaluate the association between the quintiles of the consumption of ultra-processed food, nutrient intake and adequacy of nutrient intake, respectively. RESULTS The consumption of ultra-processed foods corresponded to 51.2% of the total caloric intake. The consumption of ultra-processed foods was higher among women, individuals with higher education, and individuals who were never poor and eutrophic. The increased consumption of ultra-processed foods was positively correlated with the consumption of fat, cholesterol, sodium, iron, calcium, and calories (p < 0.001) and was negatively correlated with the consumption of carbohydrates, protein, and dietary fiber (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The high consumption of ultra-processed foods and its positive correlation with the intake of sodium, cholesterol, and fats underscores the need to perform interventions aimed at decreasing the intake of this food group.

Consumption of ultra-processed foods and their impact on the diet of young adults / Consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e impacto na dieta de adultos jovens

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the consumption of ultra-processed foods, its associated factors, and its influence on nutrient intake in young adults.METHODS In 2004-2005, the individuals belonging to the Pelotas birth cohort of 1982 were identified for a home interview. A total of 4,297 individuals were interviewed and 4,202 individuals were included in the study (follow-up rate of 77.4%). Diet was assessed using a questionnaire on dietary intake and the percentage of daily caloric intake attributed to ultra-processed foods as well as the intake of macro- and micronutrients were estimated. The association between cohort characteristics and the consumption of ultra-processed foods was assessed using linear regression. Analysis of variance and Pearson's Chi-square test were used to evaluate the association between the quintiles of the consumption of ultra-processed food, nutrient intake and adequacy of nutrient intake, respectively.RESULTS The consumption of ultra-processed foods corresponded to 51.2% of the total caloric intake. The consumption of ultra-processed foods was higher among women, individuals with higher education, and individuals who were never poor and eutrophic. The increased consumption of ultra-processed foods was positively correlated with the consumption of fat, cholesterol, sodium, iron, calcium, and calories (p < 0.001) and was negatively correlated with the consumption of carbohydrates, protein, and dietary fiber (p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS The high consumption of ultra-processed foods and its positive correlation with the intake of sodium, cholesterol, and fats underscores the need to perform interventions aimed at decreasing the intake of this food group.

OBJETIVO Avaliar o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, os fatores associados e a sua influência na ingestão de nutrientes em adultos jovens.MÉTODOS Em 2004-2005, os participantes da Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas de 1982 foram identificados para entrevista domiciliar. Foram entrevistados 4.297 indivíduos (taxa de acompanhamento de 77,4%) e incluídos no estudo 4.202. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de questionário de frequência alimentar e estimada a proporção da ingestão calórica diária atribuída aos alimentos ultraprocessados, bem como a ingestão de macro e micronutrientes. A associação entre características dos indivíduos e consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados foi avaliada utilizando-se regressão linear. A análise de variância e o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson foram utilizados na associação entre quintis de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, ingestão e na adequação da ingestão de nutrientes, respectivamente.RESULTADOS O consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados contribuiu com 51,2% das calorias totais ingeridas. A ingestão de alimentos ultraprocessados foi maior entre indivíduos: do sexo feminino; de maior escolaridade; que nunca foram pobres e eutróficos. Maior consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados foi positivamente associado ao consumo de gorduras, colesterol, sódio, ferro, cálcio e calorias (p < 0,001) e negativamente associado ao consumo de carboidratos, proteínas e fibras alimentares (p < 0,001).CONCLUSÕES O elevado consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e sua relação positiva com a ingestão de sódio, colesterol e gorduras chama a atenção para a realização de intervenções visando a redução da ingestão desse grupo de alimentos.

Prevalence of weight-loss strategies of young adults from the 1982 birth cohort in Pelotas, RS / Prevalencia de estrategias para perder peso de jovens adultos da coorte de nascimentos de 1982 de Pelotas, RS

The objective of this article was to identify, among the members of the 1982 birth cohort in Pelotas, those who were trying to lose weight at the age of 23, and which strategies they used. From 2004 to 2005, 4,297 individuals from the 1982 cohort were interviewed. The effects of demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral factors on the prevalence of any strategy to lose weight in the past year were assessed in a cross-sectional analysis with the Poisson regression. Out of all the youngsters interviewed, 28.5% reported having used some strategy to lose weight. In the adjusted analysis, gender, schooling, family income, body mass index and smoking were associated with the use of some strategy. The strategy used by most of the young people was diet followed by physical activity. The results showed that appropriate preventive measures and body weight control are necessary, along with public policies aimed at encouraging healthy habits among young people, including physical and dietary education.

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar, entre os membros da Coorte de Nascimentos de 1982 de Pelotas, aqueles que estavam tentando perder peso aos 23 anos e quais as estratégias utilizadas por eles. Entre 2004 - 2005, foram entrevistados 4.297 indivíduos da Coorte de 1982. Os efeitos das variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e comportamentais sobre a prevalência do uso de estratégia para emagrecer no último ano foram analisados em uma análise transversal utilizando regressão de Poisson. Do total de jovens entrevistados, 28,5% referiram ter utilizado alguma estratégia para perder peso. Na análise ajustada o sexo, a escolaridade, a renda familiar, o índice de massa corporal e o tabagismo estiveram associados ao uso de alguma estratégia, sendo que a mais utilizada pela maioria dos jovens foi dieta seguida de exercício físico. Os resultados mostraram que medidas adequadas de prevenção e de controle do peso corporal são necessárias, com políticas públicas voltadas para a população jovem, incentivando hábitos saudáveis como atividade física e educação alimentar.

Prevalence of weight-loss strategies of young adults from the 1982 birth cohort in Pelotas, RS.

The objective of this article was to identify, among the members of the 1982 birth cohort in Pelotas, those who were trying to lose weight at the age of 23, and which strategies they used. From 2004 to 2005, 4,297 individuals from the 1982 cohort were interviewed. The effects of demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral factors on the prevalence of any strategy to lose weight in the past year were assessed in a cross-sectional analysis with the Poisson regression. Out of all the youngsters interviewed, 28.5% reported having used some strategy to lose weight. In the adjusted analysis, gender, schooling, family income, body mass index and smoking were associated with the use of some strategy. The strategy used by most of the young people was diet followed by physical activity. The results showed that appropriate preventive measures and body weight control are necessary, along with public policies aimed at encouraging healthy habits among young people, including physical and dietary education.

Menstrual bleeding patterns: A community-based cross-sectional study among women aged 18-45 years in Southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Population variation in the duration and amount of menstrual bleeding has received little attention in the literature. This study describes these characteristics and investigates the distribution of self-perceived amount of menstrual bleeding according to socio-demographic, behavioral, and reproductive characteristics. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 18-45 years old women users of the 31 primary health care (PHC) facilities in Pelotas city (Brazil). Interviews with structured questionnaire were carried out in the waiting rooms during two work shifts. Heaviness of menstrual bleeding was determined through the answer to the question: "Usually how much blood do you lose in every period?" Crude and adjusted analyses through Poisson regression took into account the aggregation per PHC facility. RESULTS: A total of 865 women were enrolled. Prevalence of heavy menstrual flow was 35.3% (95% CI 32.1-38.6%). In adjusted analyses, heavy menstrual bleeding was higher among the older, less educated and obese women, with higher number of pregnancies and who reported longer menstrual periods, extra-menstrual bleeding and clots in the flow. Use of hormonal contraceptive methods was protective against heavy menses. CONCLUSION: Heavy menstrual bleeding is highly prevalent at the community level, and is associated with socio-demographic and anthropometric women's characteristics, as well as with duration of menstruation, extra-bleeding and presence of clots.

Helicobacter pylori and anemia: a community-based cross-sectional study among adults in Southern Brazil / Helicobacter pylori e anemia: um estudo transversal de base populacional entre adultos no Sul do Brasil

To investigate the association between Helicobacter pylori and anemia, a community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 18-45 year old users of the 31 primary health care units in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Interviews using a structured questionnaire were carried out in waiting rooms during two work shifts. Anemia (hemoglobin < 11g/dL among pregnant women, < 12g/dL among women and < 13g/dL among men) was diagnosed from capillary blood (HemoCue) and H. pylori by means of a 13C-UBT. Information on socio-demographic, behavioral and biological characteristics was collected. Logistic and linear regression analyses were carried out, taking into account aggregated primary health care units. A total of 1,117 respondents fulfilled the inclusion criteria (losses/refusals: 8.1 percent). Prevalence of anemia was 20.6 percent (18.2-23.2 percent) and of H. pylori, 70.7 percent (68.0-73.6 percent). After allowing for age, sex and skin color the odds ratio for anemia among those who were diagnosed H. pylori positive was 0.94 (0.70-1.27). After allowing for sex, skin color, family monthly income, age, and smoking, the reduction in hemoglobin among H. pylori positive respondents was 0.07g/dL (-0.24-0.11; p = 0.4). There is no association between H. pylori and anemia among adults attending primary health care units in Southern Brazil.

Helicobacter pylori tem sido apontado como causa de anemia. Para investigar essa associação, estudo transversal de base populacional foi realizado entre adultos (18-45 anos de idade), usuários das 31 unidades básicas de saúde (UBS), em Pelotas, Sul do Brasil. Entrevistas com questionários estruturados foram feitas nas salas de espera, em dois turnos de trabalho. Anemia (hemoglobina < 11g/dL entre gestantes, < 12g/dL entre mulheres adultas e < 13g/dL entre homens) foi diagnosticada em sangue capilar (HemoCue). H. pylori foi identificado por 13C-Urea Breath Test. Foram coletadas informações sócio-demográficas, comportamentais e biológicas. Análise por regressão logística e linear, levando em conta a agregação por UBS. Dos 1.117 elegíveis, foram perdidos ou recusaram-se participar 8,1 por cento. A prevalência de anemia foi 20,6 por cento (18,2-23,2 por cento) e H. pylori, 70,7 por cento (68,0-73,6 por cento). Após ajuste para idade, sexo e cor, a odds ratio para anemia entre H. pylori positivos foi 0,94 (0,70-1,27). Na análise ajustada para sexo, cor, renda familiar, idade e tabagismo, o nível de hemoglobina foi 0,07g/dL menor (-0,24-0,11; p = 0,4) entre H. pylori positivos. Não há associação entre H. pylori e anemia entre adultos usuários de UBS no Sul do Brasil.

Validade de instrumento epidemiológico para rastrear H. pylori entre pacientes dispépticos / Validez del instrumento epidemiológico para rastrear H. pylori entre pacientes dispépticos / Validity of an epidemiologic instrument for H. pylori screening among dyspeptic patients

OBJETIVO:Validar um escore epidemiológico para identificar dispépticos positivos para Helicobacter pylori. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 434 indivíduos entre 18 e 45 anos de idade, portadores de dispepsia não investigada, usuários de unidades básicas de saúde de Pelotas (RS), entre 2006 e 2007. Dispepsia foi diagnosticada conforme Roma-II. O padrão-ouro para presença de H. pylori foi o teste respiratório com 13C-uréia. Analisou-se a associação entre H. pylori e variáveis independentes por regressão logística. O escore foi construído a partir de odds ratios ajustadas. Foram calculadas a sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos. RESULTADOS: Dentre os dispépticos, a prevalência de H. pylori foi 74 por cento (IC 95 por cento: 69;77,7) e esteve associada diretamente à idade e número de irmãos na infância e inversamente à escolaridade, sendo essas variáveis utilizadas na construção do escore. Os valores do escore variaram de 3-9. Escores entre 7, 8 e 9 apresentaram sensibilidade, respectivamente, de 36,6 por cento, 22,3 por cento e 11,1 por cento; e valores preditivos positivos 87,8 por cento, 90,9 por cento e 92,1 por cento. Sem a aplicação do escore, três de cada quatro dispépticos receberiam tratamento para H. pylori, com a aplicação, menor número de dispépticos seriam encaminhados para tratamento (um em cada três, seis e 11, respectivamente, com os pontos de corte entre 7 e 9), porém às custas de alta taxa de casos falso-negativos. CONCLUSÕES: O escore não foi válido para identificação seletiva de dispépticos candidatos a tratamento erradicador para H. pylori. Diferentemente do recomendado para países desenvolvidos, a alta prevalência de H. pylori torna a estratégia testar-e-tratar inapropriada para uso nos países em desenvolvimento.

Validity of an epidemiologic instrument for H. pylori screening among dyspeptic patients.

OBJECTIVE: To validate an epidemiological score for identifying dyspeptic patients at high risk of being H. pylori positive. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including 434 users of primary health care units in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, aged 18-45 years, and with symptoms of non-investigated dyspepsia, between 2006 and 2007. Dyspepsia was diagnosed according to Roma-II. The gold standard for H. pylori infection was the (13)C-urea-breath-test. The association between presence of H. pylori and independent variables was assessed through Logistic Regression. The score was built based on adjusted odds ratios. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of different cutoffs were calculated. RESULTS: Prevalence of H. pylori dyspeptic subjects was 74% (95% CI: 69;77.7). Prevalence was directly associated with age and number of siblings during childhood, and inversely associated with schooling; these variables were used in the construction of the score. The score ranged from 3 to 9 points. Scores 7, 8, and 9 had sensitivity of 36.6%, 22.3%, and 11.1%, and positive predictive values of 87.8%, 90.9%, and 92.1%, respectively. Without the score, 3 in every 4 dyspeptic patients would have received H. pylori erradication therapy. This proportion would have been lower with the score (one in three, six, and 11, for the cutoff points betwewen 7 and 9, respectively), albeit at the expense of a high rate of false-negatives. CONCLUSIONS: The score was not valid for selectively identifying dyspeptic individuals candidate to eradication therapy for H. pylori. Contrary to the recommendation in developed countries, the test-and-treat strategy seems inappropriate for use in developing settings due to the high prevalence of H. pylori infection.

Helicobacter pylori and anemia: a community-based cross-sectional study among adults in Southern Brazil.

To investigate the association between Helicobacter pylori and anemia, a community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 18-45 year old users of the 31 primary health care units in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Interviews using a structured questionnaire were carried out in waiting rooms during two work shifts. Anemia (hemoglobin < 11g/dL among pregnant women, < 12g/dL among women and < 13g/dL among men) was diagnosed from capillary blood (HemoCue) and H. pylori by means of a 13C-UBT. Information on socio-demographic, behavioral and biological characteristics was collected. Logistic and linear regression analyses were carried out, taking into account aggregated primary health care units. A total of 1,117 respondents fulfilled the inclusion criteria (losses/refusals: 8.1%). Prevalence of anemia was 20.6% (18.2-23.2%) and of H. pylori, 70.7% (68.0-73.6%). After allowing for age, sex and skin color the odds ratio for anemia among those who were diagnosed H. pylori positive was 0.94 (0.70-1.27). After allowing for sex, skin color, family monthly income, age, and smoking, the reduction in hemoglobin among H. pylori positive respondents was 0.07g/dL (-0.24-0.11; p = 0.4). There is no association between H. pylori and anemia among adults attending primary health care units in Southern Brazil.

Prevalência e determinantes precoces dos transtornos mentais comuns na coorte de nascimentos de 1982, Pelotas, RS / Prevalencia y determinantes precoces de los trastornos mentales comunes en la cohorte de nacimientos de 1982, Pelotas, Sur de Brasil / Prevalence and early determinants of common mental disorders in the 1982 birth cohort, Pelotas, Southern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns e sua associação com fatores de risco numa coorte de adultos jovens. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal aninhado à coorte de nascimentos de 1982 de Pelotas, RS. Em 2004-5, 4.297 indivíduos foram entrevistados em visita domiciliar. A probabilidade de transtornos mentais comuns foi estimada pelo Self-Report Questionnaire. Os fatores de risco incluíram variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas, perinatais e ambientais. A análise foi estratificada por sexo e as razões de prevalência simples e ajustadas foram estimadas utilizando-se regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns na população geral foi 28,0 por cento; 32,8 por cento e 23,5 por cento, respectivamente, entre mulheres e homens. Independentemente da pobreza em 1982, homens e mulheres pobres em 2004-5 apresentaram risco aproximado de 1,5 para esses transtornos (p<0,001), quando comparados aos que nunca foram pobres. Entre as mulheres, ter sido pobre na infância (p<0,001) e ter cor da pele preta ou parda (p=0,002) também aumentou o risco para transtornos mentais comuns...

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of common mental disorders and assess its association with risk factors in a cohort of young adults. METHODS: Cross-sectional study nested in a 1982 birth cohort study conducted in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. In 2004-5, 4,297 subjects were interviewed during home visits. Common mental disorders were assessed using the Self-Report Questionnaire. Risk factors included socioeconomic, demographic, perinatal, and environmental variables. The analysis was stratified by gender and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of common mental disorders was 28.0 percent; 32.8 percent and 23.5 percent in women and men, respectively. Men and women who were poor in 2004-5, regardless of their poor status in 1982, had nearly 1.5-fold increased risk for common mental disorders (p<0.001) when compared to those who have never been poor. Among women, being poor during childhood (p<0.001) and black/mixed skin color (p=0.002) increased the risk for mental disorders...

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de trastornos mentales comunes y su asociación con factores de riesgo en una cohorte de adultos jóvenes. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal anidado a la cohorte de nacimientos de 1982 de Pelotas (Sur de Brasil). En 2004-5, 4.297 individuos fueron entrevistados en visita domiciliar. La probabilidad de trastornos mentales comunes fue estimada por el Self-Report Questionnaire. Los factores de riesgo incluyeron variables socioeconómicas, demográficas, perinatales y ambientales. El análisis fue estratificado por sexo y las razones de prevalencia simples y ajustadas fueron estimadas utilizándose regresión de Poisson. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de trastornos mentales comunes en la población general fue de 28,0 por ciento; 32,8 por ciento y 23,5 por ciento, respectivamente, entre mujeres y hombres. Independientemente de la pobreza en 1982, hombres y mujeres pobres en 2004-5 presentaron riesgo aproximado de 1,5 para esos trastornos (p<0,001), cuando se compararon con los que nunca fueron pobres. Entre las mujeres, haber sido pobre en la infancia (p<0,001) y tener color de piel negra o parda (p=0,002) también aumentó el riesgo para trastornos mentales comunes...

Determinantes sociais da iniciação sexual precoce na coorte de nascimentos de 1982 a 2004-5, Pelotas, RS / Determinantes sociales de la iniciación sexual precoz en la cohorte de nacimientos de 1982 a 2004-5, Pelotas, Sur de Brasil / Determinants of early sexual initiation in the Pelotas birth cohort from 1982 to 2004-5, Southern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Analisar determinantes sociais da iniciação sexual precoce de jovens pertencentes a uma coorte de nascimentos. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados em 2004-5 os indivíduos da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas (RS), em 1982 (N=4.297). A iniciação sexual precoce (<13 anos) foi o desfecho. Análises descritivas e estratificadas foram realizadas segundo o sexo. As variáveis analisadas foram renda familiar em 1982, cor da pele, escolaridade do jovem e mudança de renda (1982-2004-5). Usaram-se dados etnográficos para complementar a análise dos resultados. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de iniciação sexual precoce foi maior para homens com cor da pele preta/parda, baixa escolaridade, renda familiar baixa em 1982 e em 2004-5. As exigências para que os papéis sexuais masculinos mais tradicionais (virilidade, iniciativa sexual) mostraram ter maior repercussão e adesão desde cedo no grupo dos homens. Jovens mulheres de família com maior renda e de maior escolaridade tenderam a postergar a iniciação sexual...

OBJECTIVE: To analyze social determinants of early sexual initiation among young adults from a birth cohort. METHODS: Individuals from the 1982 birth cohort (N=4,297) were interviewed in 2004-5, city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Early sexual initiation (<13 years of age) was the outcome. Descriptive and stratified analyses were performed according to sex. Variables analyzed were family income in 1982, ethnicity, young adult's level of education and change in income (between 1982 and 2004-5). Ethnographic data were used to complement result analysis. RESULTS: Prevalence of early sexual initiation was higher among black and mixed men, and those with low level of education and low family income in 1982 and 2004-5. More traditional male sexual role requirements, such as virility and sexual initiative, showed more repercussion and adherence from an early age among men. Young family women with higher income and level of education tended to delay their sexual initiation...

OBJETIVO: Analizar las determinantes sociales de la iniciación sexual precoz de jóvenes pertenecientes a una cohorte de nacimientos. MÉTODOS: Fueron entrevistados en 2004-5 los individuos de la cohorte de nacimientos de Pelotas (Sur de Brasil), en 1982 (N= 4.297). La iniciación sexual precoz (<13 anos) fue el desenlace. Análisis descriptivos y estratificados fueron realizados según el sexo. Las variables analizadas fueron renta familiar en 1982, color de la piel, escolaridad del joven y mudanza de renta (1982-2004-5). Se usaron datos etnográficos para complementar el análisis de los resultados. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de iniciación sexual precoz fue mayor en hombres con color de piel negra/parda, baja escolaridad, renta familiar baja en 1982 y en 2004-5. Las exigencias para los papeles sexuales masculinos más tradicionales (virilidad, iniciativa sexual) mostraron tener mayor repercusión y adhesión desde temprano en el grupo de hombres. Jóvenes mujeres de familia con mayor renta y de mayor escolaridad tendieron a postergar la iniciación sexual...

Avaliação nutricional de adultos da coorte de nascimentos de 1982, Pelotas, RS / Evaluación nutricional de adultos de la cohorte de nacimientos de 1982, Pelotas, Sur de Brasil / Nutritional evaluation follow-up of the 1982 birth cohort, Pelotas, Southern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de desnutrição por déficit ou excesso de peso e sua associação com fatores demográficos e socioeconômicos. MÉTODOS: Estudo longitudinal de coorte de jovens nascidos em 1982 em Pelotas, RS. Em 2004-5 foram entrevistados 4.198 dos 5.914 indivíduos dessa coorte, que tiveram suas medidas de peso e estatura coletadas para cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC). Definiu-se baixo peso pelo valor de IMC inferior a 18,5 kg/m²; excesso de peso, pelo IMC entre 25 e 30kg/m²; e obesidade pelo IMC>30kg/m². Os efeitos de variáveis socioeconômicas (renda familiar e escolaridade), demográfica (cor da pele), peso ao nascer e amamentação sobre baixo peso, excesso de peso e obesidade foram analisados utilizando regressão de Poisson separadamente para homens e mulheres. RESULTADOS: As prevalências de baixo peso, obesidade e excesso de peso foram 6,0 por cento, 8,2 por cento e 28,9 por cento, respectivamente. Na análise ajustada somente o peso ao nascer manteve-se associado com baixo peso em homens e mulheres...

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of over/underweight and its association with demographic and socioeconomic factors. METHODS: Longitudinal cohort study of youths born in 1982 in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. In 2004-5 we interviewed 4,198 of the 5,914 cohort subjects, obtaining weight and stature measurements that were used to calculate body mass index (BMI). Underweight was defined as BMI lower than 18,5 kg/m²; overweight as BMI between 25 and 30kg/m²; and obesity as BMI IMC > 30kg/m². The effects of socioeconomic (family income and schooling) and demographic (skin color) variables, birthweight, and breastfeeding on underweight, overweight, and obesity were analyzed separately for men and women using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Prevalence of underweight, obesity, and overweight were 6.0 percent, 8.2 percent, and 28.9 percent, respectively. In adjusted analysis, only birthweight remained associated with underweight among men and women...

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de desnutrición por déficit o exceso de peso y su asociación con factores demográficos y socioeconómicos. MÉTODOS: Estudio longitudinal de cohorte de jóvenes nacidos en 1982 en Pelotas (Sur de Brasil). En 2004-5 fueron entrevistados 4.198 de los 5.914 individuos de esa cohorte, que tuvieron sus medidas de peso y estatura colectadas para cálculo del índice de masa corporal (IMC). Se definió bajo peso por el valor de IMC inferior a 18,5 kg/m²; exceso de peso por el IMC entre 25 y 30 30kg/m²; y obesidad por el IMC>30kg/m². Los efectos de variables socioeconómicas (renta familiar y escolaridad), demográfica (color de piel), peso al nacer y amamantamiento sobre bajo peso, exceso de peso y obesidad fueron analizados utilizando regresión de Poisson separadamente para hombres y mujeres. RESULTADOS: Las prevalencias de bajo peso, obesidad y exceso de peso fueron 6,0 por ciento, 8,2 por ciento y 28,9 por ciento, respectivamente. En el análisis ajustado solamente el peso al nacer se mantuvo asociado con bajo peso en hombres y mujeres...

Prevalência de chiado no peito em adultos da coorte de nascimentos de 1982, Pelotas, RS / Prevalencia del silbido en el pecho en adultos de la cohorte de nacimientos de 1982, Pelotas, Sur de Brasil / Prevalence of wheezing in the chest among adults from the 1982 Pelotas birth cohort, Southern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de chiado no peito em adultos jovens, explorando o efeito de algumas variáveis sobre a ocorrência desta morbidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo de coorte dos nascidos em 1982 na cidade de Pelotas (RS). Foram localizados 4.297 (77,4 por cento) dos membros da coorte em 2004-5, cujos dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista, utilizando o questionário ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Steering Committee)...

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of wheezing in the chest among adults, and to explore the effect of some variables on the prevalence of this condition. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study on individuals born in the city of Pelotas (Southern Brazil) in 1982. A total of 4,297 subjects was traced in 2004-5, representing 77.4 percent of the original cohort. Data were collected by means of interviews using the ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Steering Committee) questionnaire...

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia del silbido en el pecho en adultos jóvenes, explorando el efecto de algunas variables sobre la ocurrencia de esta morbilidad. MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo de cohorte de los nacidos en 1982 en la ciudad de Pelotas (Sur de Brasil). Fueron localizados 4.297 (77,4 por ciento) de los miembros de la cohorte en 2004-5, cuyos datos fueron colectados por medio de entrevista, utilizando el cuestionario ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Steering Committee)...

Tabagismo na coorte de nascimentos de 1982: da adolescência à vida adulta, Pelotas, RS / Tabaquismo en la cohorte de nacimientos de 1982: de la adolescencia a la vida adulta, Pelotas, Sur de Brasil / Smoking prevalence in the 1982 birth cohort: from adolescence to adult life, Pelotas, Southern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de tabagismo em adolescentes e adultos jovens pertencentes a uma coorte de nascimentos de base populacional. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo de coorte dos nascidos em 1982 na cidade de Pelotas, RS, entrevistados em 1997, 2000-1 e 2005. O desfecho estudado foi o tabagismo, definido como consumo de pelo menos um cigarro na última semana nos acompanhamentos de 1997 e 2000-1. No acompanhamento de 2005, a variável dependente foi tabagismo atual. A análise ajustada foi realizada por meio de regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: As prevalências de tabagismo entre homens foram de 5,9 por cento, 20,2 por cento e 27,6 por cento nos acompanhamentos de 1997, 2000-1 e 2005, respectivamente. Os respectivos valores para as mulheres foram 9,3 por cento, 27,5 por cento e 23,6 por cento. A idade média de início do fumo foi de 15,1 anos (dp=2,5). Na análise multivariável, menor escolaridade materna, baixa renda familiar em 1982, ter sido pobre durante todo o período acompanhado e fumo materno na gravidez estiveram significativamente associados com maiores prevalências de fumo em ambos os sexos...

OBJECTIVE: To assess smoking prevalence in adolescents and young adults of a population-based birth cohort. METHODS: Prospective birth cohort study of infants born in 1982, in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, and interviewed in 1997, 2000-2001 and 2005. In the 1997 and 2000-2001 follow-up visits, the outcome studied was smoking, defined as the consumption of at least one cigarette in the previous week. In the 2005 follow-up visit, the dependent variable was current smoking. Adjusted analysis was performed using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Smoking prevalences among males were 5.9 percent, 20.2 percent and 27.6 percent in the 1997, 2000-2001 and 2005 follow-up visits, respectively. Among females, respective values were 9.3 percent, 27.5 percent and 23.6 percent. Mean age of smoking onset was 15.1 years (SD=2.5). In the multivariate analysis, lower maternal level of education, low income level in 1982, poverty during the follow-up period and maternal smoking were significantly associated with higher smoking prevalences in both sexes...

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la prevalencia de tabaquismo en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes pertenecientes a una cohorte de nacimientos de base poblacional. MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo de cohorte de los nacidos en 1982 en la ciudad de Pelotas, RS, entrevistados en 1997, 2000-1 y 2005. El desenlace estudiado fue el tabaquismo, definido como consumo de al menos un cigarro en la última semana en los acompañamientos de 1997 y 2000-1. En el seguimiento de 2005, la variable dependiente fue tabaquismo actual. El análisis ajustado fue realizado por medio de regresión de Poisson. RESULTADOS: Las prevalencias de tabaquismo entre hombres fueron de 5,9 por ciento, 20,2 por ciento y 27,6 por ciento en los seguimientos de 1997, 2000-1 y 2005, respectivamente. Los respectivos valores para las mujeres fueron 9,3 por ciento, 27,5 por ciento y 23,6 por ciento. La edad promedio de inicio de fumar fue de 15,1 años (dp=2,5). En el análisis multivariable, menor escolaridad materna, baja renta familiar en 1982, haber sido pobre durante todo el período acompañado y el fumar de la madre durante el embarazo estuvieron significativamente asociados con mayores prevalencias de fumar en ambos sexos...

Premenstrual symptoms and syndrome according to age at menarche in a 1982 birth cohort in southern Brazil.

Premenstrual symptoms and syndrome were studied in young women who have been followed since birth. Data were collected on the intensity of four symptoms: irritability, anxiety or stress, depressed mood, and affective lability. Premenstrual syndrome was defined according to intensity of symptoms. Association between age at menarche and premenstrual symptoms and syndrome were investigated through Poisson regression. Adjusted analysis was conducted, controlling for possible confounding factors. The symptoms most frequently reported by the women from the 1982 Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, birth cohort who were interviewed in 2004-2005 were: irritability (52.3%) and anxiety (40.2%). The prevalence rates for moderate and severe premenstrual syndrome were 13.4% and 5.8%, respectively. Mean age at menarche was 12.4 (+/-1.5) years. Prevalence rates for symptoms and premenstrual syndrome were higher in women whose age at menarche was less than 11 years, but this difference was not statistically significant. Information on symptoms and premenstrual syndrome is scarce in other studies.

Premenstrual symptoms and syndrome according to age at menarche in a 1982 birth cohort in southern Brazil

Premenstrual symptoms and syndrome were studied in young women who have been followed since birth. Data were collected on the intensity of four symptoms: irritability, anxiety or stress, depressed mood, and affective lability. Premenstrual syndrome was defined according to intensity of symptoms. Association between age at menarche and premenstrual symptoms and syndrome were investigated through Poisson regression. Adjusted analysis was conducted, controlling for possible confounding factors. The symptoms most frequently reported by the women from the 1982 Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, birth cohort who were interviewed in 2004-2005 were: irritability (52.3 percent) and anxiety (40.2 percent). The prevalence rates for moderate and severe premenstrual syndrome were 13.4 percent and 5.8 percent, respectively. Mean age at menarche was 12.4 (± 1.5) years. Prevalence rates for symptoms and premenstrual syndrome were higher in women whose age at menarche was less than 11 years, but this difference was not statistically significant. Information on symptoms and premenstrual syndrome is scarce in other studies.

Os sintomas e a síndrome pré-menstrual foram estudados em mulheres jovens acompanhadas desde seu nascimento. Foram coletadas informações sobre intensidade de quatro sintomas: irritabilidade; ansiedade ou tensão; humor deprimido e labilidade emocional. Síndrome pré-menstrual foi definida de acordo com a intensidade desses sintomas. A associação entre os sintomas e a síndrome pré-menstrual com a idade da menarca foi investigada por meio de regressão de Poisson, ajustando para possíveis fatores de confusão. Em 76 por cento das mulheres da coorte de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 1982, que foram acompanhadas até 2004-2005 os sintomas mais freqüentes foram: irritabilidade e ansiedade. A prevalência de síndrome pré-menstrual foi de 13,4 por cento e 5,8 por cento nas intensidades moderada e severa, respectivamente. A idade média da menarca foi de 12,4 (± 1,5) anos. A prevalência dos sintomas pré-menstruais foi mais alta nas mulheres com menarca antes dos 11 anos, mas estas diferenças não foram estatisticamente significativas. Informações sobre sintomas pré-menstruais e síndrome pré-menstrual são escassas em outros estudos populacionais.

[Determinants of early sexual initiation in the Pelotas birth cohort from 1982 to 2004-5, Southern Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze social determinants of early sexual initiation among young adults from a birth cohort. METHODS: Individuals from the 1982 birth cohort (N=4,297) were interviewed in 2004-5, city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Early sexual initiation (<13 years of age) was the outcome. Descriptive and stratified analyses were performed according to sex. Variables analyzed were family income in 1982, ethnicity, young adult's level of education and change in income (between 1982 and 2004-5). Ethnographic data were used to complement result analysis. RESULTS: Prevalence of early sexual initiation was higher among black and mixed men, and those with low level of education and low family income in 1982 and 2004-5. More traditional male sexual role requirements, such as virility and sexual initiative, showed more repercussion and adherence from an early age among men. Young family women with higher income and level of education tended to delay their sexual initiation. Imposition of traditional values was found to influence early sexual initiation among men and women with lower level of education and income. CONCLUSIONS: Results found re-established the economic factor as a determinant of behavior or uses of sexuality for both sexes. To focus on political efforts that help the economically disadvantaged to have opportunities and egalitarian future perspectives is an important strategy for health outcomes.

[Prevalence and early determinants of common mental disorders in the 1982 birth cohort, Pelotas, Southern Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of common mental disorders and assess its association with risk factors in a cohort of young adults. METHODS: Cross-sectional study nested in a 1982 birth cohort study conducted in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. In 2004-5, 4,297 subjects were interviewed during home visits. Common mental disorders were assessed using the Self-Report Questionnaire. Risk factors included socioeconomic, demographic, perinatal, and environmental variables. The analysis was stratified by gender and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of common mental disorders was 28.0%; 32.8% and 23.5% in women and men, respectively. Men and women who were poor in 2004-5, regardless of their poor status in 1982, had nearly 1.5-fold increased risk for common mental disorders (p<0.001) when compared to those who have never been poor. Among women, being poor during childhood (p<0.001) and black/mixed skin color (p=0.002) increased the risk for mental disorders. Low birth weight and duration of breastfeeding were not associated to the risk of these disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Higher prevalence of common mental disorders among low-income groups and race-ethnic minorities suggests that social inequalities present at birth have a major impact on mental health, especially common mental disorders.

[Nutritional evaluation follow-up of the 1982 birth cohort, Pelotas, Southern Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of over/underweight and its association with demographic and socioeconomic factors. METHODS: Longitudinal cohort study of youths born in 1982 in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. In 2004-5 we interviewed 4,198 of the 5,914 cohort subjects, obtaining weight and stature measurements that were used to calculate body mass index (BMI). Underweight was defined as BMI lower than 18,5 kg/m(2); overweight as BMI between 25 and 30kg/m(2); and obesity as BMI IMC > 30kg/m(2). The effects of socioeconomic (family income and schooling) and demographic (skin color) variables, birthweight, and breastfeeding on underweight, overweight, and obesity were analyzed separately for men and women using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Prevalence of underweight, obesity, and overweight were 6.0%, 8.2%, and 28.9%, respectively. In adjusted analysis, only birthweight remained associated with underweight among men and women. Poor men showed higher risk of underweight, but were protected from obesity and overweight. By contrast, risk of obesity and overweight was higher among poor women. CONCLUSIONS: The present results underscore the importance of socioeconomic determinants on nutritional status, with special emphasis on the distinct effects these factors have among men and women in different nutritional conditions.

[Smoking prevalence in the 1982 birth cohort: from adolescence to adult life, Pelotas, Southern Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: To assess smoking prevalence in adolescents and young adults of a population-based birth cohort. METHODS: Prospective birth cohort study of infants born in 1982, in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, and interviewed in 1997, 2000-2001 and 2005. In the 1997 and 2000-2001 follow-up visits, the outcome studied was smoking, defined as the consumption of at least one cigarette in the previous week. In the 2005 follow-up visit, the dependent variable was current smoking. Adjusted analysis was performed using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Smoking prevalences among males were 5.9%, 20.2% and 27.6% in the 1997, 2000-2001 and 2005 follow-up visits, respectively. Among females, respective values were 9.3%, 27.5% and 23.6%. Mean age of smoking onset was 15.1 years (SD=2.5). In the multivariate analysis, lower maternal level of education, low income level in 1982, poverty during the follow-up period and maternal smoking were significantly associated with higher smoking prevalences in both sexes. Being non-white was associated with higher risk of smoking among females exclusively. Breastfeeding was not associated with smoking. Among females, smoking was inversely associated with birth weight in the crude analysis, but lost its significance in the adjusted analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Higher incidence of smoking in poorer groups suggests that behavior such as avoiding smoking during pregnancy and increasing cigarette prices can have an important population impact.